In these texts, Galileo argues that there are two truths: one derived from Scripture, the other from the created natural world. Since both are expressions of the divine will, they cannot contradict one another.
However, Scripture and Creation both require interpretation in order to glean the truths they contain—Scripture because it is a historical document written for common people, and thus accommodated to their understanding so as to lead them towards true religion; Creation because the divine act must be distilled from sense experience through scientific enquiry. While the truths are necessarily compatible, biblical and natural interpretations can go awry, and are subject to correction.
Cardinal Bellarmine was willing to countenance scientific truth if it could be proven or demonstrated McMullin But Bellarmine held that the planetary theories of Ptolemy and Copernicus and presumably Tycho Brahe are only mathematical hypotheses; since they are just calculating devices, they are not susceptible to physical proof.
This is a sort of instrumentalist, anti-realist position Machamer ; Duhem There are any number of ways to argue for some sort of instrumentalism. Duhem himself argued that science is not metaphysics, and so only deals with useful conjectures that enable us to systematize phenomena. Subtler versions of this position, without an Aquinian metaphysical bias, have been argued subsequently and more fully by Van Fraassen and others.
Galileo would be led to such a view by his concern with matter theory, which minimized the kinds of motion ascribed uniformly to all bodies. Of course, when put this way, we are faced with the question of what constitutes identity conditions for a theory. The other aspect of all this that has been hotly debated is what constitutes proof or demonstration of a scientific claim.
Galileo believed he had a proof of terrestrial motion. How could the moon cause the tides to ebb and flow without any connection to the seas? Such an explanation would be an invocation of magic or occult powers. Thus, for Galileo, the only conceivable or maybe plausible physical cause for the regular reciprocation of the tides is the combination of the diurnal and annual motions of the Earth.
Briefly, as the Earth rotates around its axis, some parts of its surface are moving along with the annual revolution around the sun and some parts are moving in the contrary direction. Hence the tides. Local differences in tidal flows are due to the differences in the physical conformations of the basins in which they occur for background and more detail, see Palmieri One can see why Galileo thinks he has some sort of proof for the motion of the Earth, and therefore for Copernicanism.
Yet one can also see why Bellarmine and the instrumentalists would not have been impressed. Third, the argument does not touch upon the central position of the sun or arrangement of the planets as calculated by Copernicus. Nevertheless, when the tidal argument is added to the earlier telescopic observations that show the improbabilities of the older celestial picture—the fact that Venus has phases like the moon and so must revolve around the sun; the principle of the relativity of perceived motion which neutralizes the physical arguments against a moving Earth; and so on—it was enough for Galileo to believe that he had the necessary proof to convince the doubters.
But this could occur only after Galileo had changed the acceptable parameters for gaining knowledge and theorizing about the world. Copernicus, Nicolaus natural philosophy: in the Renaissance religion: and science. Brief Biography 2. Introduction and Background 3. Brief Biography Galileo was born in Pisa on February 15, Fredette, Raymond trans. Drake, Stillman trans. Van Helden, Albert trans. Hessler eds. Barker, Peter trans. Shea, William R. Reeves, Eileen, and Van Helden, Albert trans.
Crew, Henry, and de Salvio, Alfonso trans. This inferior translation, first published in , has been reprinted numerous times and is widely available. Collections of primary sources in English: Drake, Stillman ed. Finocchiaro, Maurice A. Secondary Sources Adams, Marcus P. Sullivan eds. Zalta ed. Bolton trans. Carugo, Adriano, and Alistair C. Coyne, George V. McMullin ed. Crombie, Alistair C.
Bonelli and W. Shea eds. Dijksterhuis, E. Dikshoorn trans. Swerdlow and T. Levere eds. Roger trans. Machamer ed. Drake trans. Giusti, Enrico, , Euclides Reformatus.
Graney, Christopher M. Heilbron, John L. Rosen trans. Mepham trans. Lennox, James G. Wallace ed. Lindberg, David C. Westman eds. Westman ed. Butts and J. Pitt eds. Pera and W. Gianetto, F. Bevilacqua, and M. Matthews eds. Matthews, C. Gauld, and A. Stinner eds. Mayer, Thomas F.
McMullin, Ernan ed. Moody, Ernest A. Gorham, B. Hill, E. Slowik, and C. Waters eds. Palmerino, Carla Rita, and Johannes M. Thijssen eds. Peterson, Mark A.
Pitt, Joseph C. Rosenthal trans. Renn ed. Roux, Sophie, and Daniel Garber eds. Aris, H. Davis, and R. Stuewer eds. Ceolin ed. Spranzi, Marta, , Galilee. Van Fraassen, Bas C. Wallace, William A.
Westman, Robert ed. Wisan, W. This design, however, went unbuilt until after the construction of the first working pendulum clock by Christiaan Huygens. Explore space from the comfort of home. Introducing Illuminates, our accessible guides on space written by Royal Observatory astronomers. Replica of a handheld Galilean telescope.
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It was a sad end for so great a man to die condemned of heresy. His will indicated that he wished to be buried beside his father in the family tomb in the Basilica of Santa Croce but his relatives feared, quite rightly, that this would provoke opposition from the Church. His body was concealed and only placed in a fine tomb in the church in by the civil authorities against the wishes of many in the Church.
On 31 October , years after Galileo's death, Pope John Paul II gave an address on behalf of the Catholic Church in which he admitted that errors had been made by the theological advisors in the case of Galileo.
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