Finally, the paper finds that the hub markets that concentrate the most shipments also handle more animals and trade with more markets. Additionally, peripheral markets have more defined roles as primarily origins or destinations of animal shipments than markets in the core of the network.
Of the nine key markets identified, three are close to borders, highlighting the importance of Nigeria as a livestock consumption destination for regional livestock production. Women and climate change in the Sahel The purpose of this paper is to explore the gendered impacts of climate change in the Sahel.
In particular, it explores the ways in which gender inequality is a critical factor in understanding vulnerability and resilience efforts concerning climate change. It shows that the current climate crisis is affecting livelihoods throughout the Sahel in pronounced ways.
In a region highly dependent upon subsistence agriculture and pastoralist livelihoods, climate variability and environmental degradation have made such livelihoods difficult to sustain, the effects of which have broad ranging impacts on social and economic systems. Consequently, migration, livelihood adaptation, social unrest, and political instability emerge from the ecological challenges the Sahel is facing.
Those with the resources to respond to and prepare for future climate events will be better equipped to navigate the climate crisis. Unfortunately, those resources are rarely equally distributed at the household, community, and state levels. In particular, gender inequalities within the Sahel pose a very real challenge for adaptation and resilience strategies as states and global institutions make interventions to support at risk populations.
The paper then explores what development and state institutions are doing to resolve gender inequity through climate resilience policy, and where these efforts are falling short. Most of these countries were formerly controlled by the Soviet Union.
Many countries of East Asia also fit into the Second-World category. Now, in part because the Soviet Union no longer exists, the definition of Third World is outdated and considered offensive. Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer, anthropologist, and historian, is credited with coining the term Third World during the Cold War.
Sauvy observed a group of countries, many former colonies, that did not share the ideological views of Western capitalism or Soviet socialism. In the modern-day, most countries on Earth fall into one of three general categories that some refer to as developed, emerging, and frontier. The world segmentations have somewhat migrated to fit within these categories overall. The developed countries are the most industrialized with the strongest economic characteristics.
The emerging countries are classified as such because they demonstrate significant strides in various economic growth areas though their metrics are not as stable.
The frontier markets often closely mirror the old Third-World classification and often show the lowest economical indicators.
The evolutions of the worldly segmentations have become historic and obsolete. This index includes the following countries:. The WTO divides countries into two classes: developing and least developed. There are no criteria for these classifications so countries self-nominate, though statuses can be contested by other nations. The WTO segregation comes with certain rights for developing country status. For example, the WTO grants developing countries longer transition periods before implementing agreements that aim to increase trading opportunities and infrastructure support related to WTO work.
The HDI measures and then ranks a country based on schooling, life expectancy, and gross national income per capita. This list is reassessed every few years. These indicators are a combination of gross national income, human assets nutrition, life expectancy, secondary school education, adult literacy , and economic vulnerability population size, remoteness, merchandise export concentration, agriculture, exports, and natural disaster preparedness.
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I Accept Show Purposes. Its rapid population growth a fertility rate of 5. The extreme poverty rate, which stood at Mali has been experiencing instability and conflict since the military coup of and the occupation of the north by armed groups. Mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS paved the way for an month transition period, with the appointment of a civilian president and prime minister in September and the installation of a transition government and a National Transition Council serving as the National Assembly pending the organization of democratic elections.
The Malian economy slipped into a recession in , with real GDP estimated at However, a number of key economic sectors linked to services and agriculture began to recover in early As an oil importing and gold exporting country, lower crude prices and higher gold prices improved the terms of trade in This improvement, combined with the drop in demand for imports, led to a reduction in the current account deficit, despite the decline in remittances and other external financial flows.
The plan for containing the COVID socioeconomic crisis resulted in higher budget expenditure in , increasing the government deficit to 5. The recovery observed in early is expected to generate more tax revenue, while wage bill pressures will have a moderating effect on the government deficit in In the short term, the authorities will have to step up tax administration reforms so as to improve collection performance and optimize public spending.
These projects support the development of many areas such as energy, reconstruction and the economic recovery, water and sanitation, the empowerment of women , the demographic dividend, education, and health. In partnership with the World Bank and the World Bank Group Sahel Regional Initiative, it is facilitating reforms that foster private sector development and is providing financing and technical assistance to attract investors and mitigate the risks associated with these projects.
For the period, this strategy includes the following priorities:.
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